When self-made billionaire investor Ray Dalio wanted to understand changing world events, he didn’t just look at the latest news. He became an amateur historian and spent months looking back at cycles going back hundreds of years — something almost no one else does.

When Bill Gates wanted to grow Microsoft in the early 1990s, he didn’t just study the latest industry news and business books. He studied science. A 1994 interview is telling:

Interviewer: Do you dislike being called a businessman? Bill Gates: Yeah. Of my mental cycles, I devote maybe 10% to business thinking. Business isn’t that complicated. I wouldn’t want to put it on my business card. Interviewer: What, then? Bill Gates: Scientist.

Similarly, when Elon Musk thinks about what CEOs need to know, he doesn’t put business skills near the top of his list. Instead he says:

The path to the CEO’s office should not be through the CFO’s office, and it should not be through the marketing department. It needs to be through engineering and design.—Elon Musk

What’s going on here?

How is it possible that three of the top investors and innovators in human history say that business skills aren’t the key to business success? It’s like saying the key to parenting isn’t parenting skills? Or that the key to gardening is not gardening skills?

It makes you wonder:

What do they see differently about selecting skills to learn than others? Or are these just quirky people who enjoy exploring their curiosities?

To answer this question, we need to think about what a quirk is. For something to be a quirk it needs to be unique and inconsequential.

What I found is that the opposite is true here:

• Dalio, Gates, and Musk think the same. Although they have unique quirks on the surface, at a deeper level, they all think differently in the same way (more on this later).
• They are not the only ones. Nearly all top .0001% innovators and investors share the same thinking pattern.
• Their “quirk” is one of their keys to success. Many of them have sworn by this (more on this later).

What I will argue in this article is that Elon Musk, Ray Dalio, Bill Gates and other top performers have an incredibly unique and effective approach to selecting skills to learn that we can all apply to our own lives.

This is important because skill selection is the archimedes lever of learning. Or as Tim Ferriss succinctly says:

Material beats method.—Tim Ferriss

With poor skill selection, we drown in the sea of humanity’s knowledge. All of the effort we spend learning and applying what we learn are muted at best or wasted at worst. On the other hand, if we master the ability to select skills, then just 100 hours of learning could have a life-changing impact. The difference between the two harkens back to this famous Stephen Covey quote:

If the ladder is not leaning against the right wall, every step we take just gets us to the wrong place faster.—Stephen Covey

To connect the dots of Gates, Musk, and Dalio’s unique approach to skill selection, it’s critical to look at a few more dots — this time from Warren Buffett, Peter Thiel, Jeff Bezos, and Howard Marks…

What Self-Made Billionaire Investors And Entrepreneurs Understand That Others Don’t

In 2010, I made two of the most consequential learning decisions in my career.

First, I decided to learn from the world’s top investors based on the premise that we are all investors and that the core mental models that financial investors use to make investments could be used in my life as well. After all, we all invest our time and money into skills, relationships, projects, and jobs that we hope will have a big payoff in the future.

Second, I decided to raise the bar of who I learn from. After reading Fooled by Randomness, I realized that luck plays a much larger role in most people’s success than I had thought and that most successful people care to admit. To select people who were successful primarily because of skill, I added the following filters:

• They are in the top .0001% of performers. Because I was studying investing, this meant that they were self-made billionaires. In other words, they had been able to turn their knowledge into incredible real world success, and they weren’t born with silver spoons in their mouths.
• They are not one-hit wonders. In order to narrow down on those who were successful primarily because of skill, I narrowed down the list to those who had a multi-decade track record of increasing success. They weren’t just in the right place at the right time one time in their life.
• They’ve extensively and eloquently shared their lessons with the world. Next, I narrowed down the list to people who have written books, have been interviewed extensively, or shared their thoughts publicly in other ways so I could learn from them.
• They made their money ethically. Not by rent seeking or breaking the law. And often have been very philanthropic.

When I added these filters, I immediately saw the skill selection pattern. Sometimes, removing the noise is everything. For example, it is hard to see the letter hidden within these dots until you move the dots that are a little more red (for a little fun, put the letter you see in the comments).

Below are a few examples of the dots that connected everything for me:

Put simply, each of these innovators and investors are saying you should focus on investments that are rare & valuable. In other words, you should focus on the star below if you want big profits and impact…

I call this model the Outlier Algorithm:

Ray Dalio captures the essence of the algorithm with the following quote:

You have to be an independent thinker because you can’t make money agreeing with the consensus view, which is already embedded in the price. Yet whenever you’re betting against the consensus there’s a significant probability you’re going to be wrong, so you have to be humble.

The Outlier Algorithm sounds obvious on the surface, but it’s profound when you go deeper. So, let’s unpack Dalio’s quote…

If you make an investment that everyone already agrees is great, the price will be higher, because more demand increases price. As a result, you will have a lower return on investment. Similarly, if you select a skill that is already popular, learning it won’t give you an advantage over others. Rather, it will simply help you catch up. For example, imagine a recruiter is hiring for a job. If you’re the only person with the skills needed, you can command a premium. If your skills match everyone else, then you’re a commodity.

On the other hand, if you bet against the consensus, you will likely be wrong because the consensus is right most of the time. For example, in financial markets, 90% of professional investors do NOT beat the average of the market. In other words, someone who has spent years investing full-time will regularly underperform amateurs who simply put their money into the S&P 500 Index — a basket of the 500 largest companies listed on US stock exchanges. The same is true for learning. If you want solid returns, simply learning skills everyone says are important is probably a solid bet. But, tautologically, if you want to be in the top 1%, you need to think differently than 99% of others and be right. You can’t expect to follow the herd and somehow beat the herd. Or as Dr. Seuss said even better:

You have to be odd to be number one.—Dr. Seuss

So the trick is to be right when others are wrong and this isn’t easy.

Looking back on it, the Outlier Algorithm didn’t just help me learn faster, it actually helped me transform at a deeper level…

Applying The Outlier Algorithm To Learning Turned My World Upside Down

The biggest change I noticed right away is that learning hacks that were obviously good now seemed obviously bad. For example...

• Reading the latest bestsellers
• Staying on top of industry news (that everyone else was following)
• Checking social media daily to see what industry influencers were saying (another thing everyone else was doing)

Without knowing it, I had been primarily focused on popularity. My hidden logic was: If others liked this, it must be good.

With the Outlier Algorithm, my logic was inverted: If others liked this, it may be worth becoming familiar with, but I can’t use it to make a big profit or impact.

To drive the point home, ask yourself this question…

How much would you pay for a procedure that would save your life if you were guaranteed to die without it?

Intuitively, you might say that you’d give away all of your money for it. Afterall, what matters more than being alive, right?

But, when you add how many other people have a skill to the equation things change. Let’s say everyone in the world knows how to administer the life-saving procedure, and it’s easy to perform.

Now, you’d only pay a few dollars in this case!!

The skill is valuable, but not rare, and because it’s missing rareness, others will pay less for it. Furthermore, someone learning the skill will ultimately make less of an impact than they would if they had learned how to perform a life-changing procedure that no one else knew how to do.

With the Outlier Algorithm, my learning sources started to look more like this:

• Academic articles
• Disciplines outside of my field no one else was even aware of
• Licensing proprietary data
• Deep relationships with insiders in fields who might not share certain insights publicly
• Mental models (abstract value that is harder to value)

After applying these to my life, I noticed some big shifts in my career. As a writer, I could suddenly write about ideas that others hadn’t even heard of. This helped my writing stand out. As a result, my writing started blowing up. Within a few years, I went from zero to tens of millions of readers in top publications like Forbes, Fortune, TIME, and Harvard Business Review — something I couldn’t have even imagined before.

At a deeper level, applying the Outlier Algorithm facilitated a deeper transformation within me. In many ways, learning rare & valuable skills is following the Hero’s Journey — the most common archetypal myth that has existed across all human societies throughout time.

This essence of journey is:

• Individuals stepping away from the tried of true path of their culture
• Going into the depths of the unknown to reinvent themselves
• And then bringing that learning back to their culture so it can evolve

We follow the same journey each time we learn a rare and valuable skill. When we choose to not follow the consensus, we begin a loop of the Hero’s Journey. We go from the known into the unknown. When we finally find something more valuable than the consensus and share it, we end one loop and set the stage for a new loop. Looking at the Outlier Algorithm this way helped me feel less alone and crazy. It made me feel part of a lineage. And it gave more meaning to sharing what I know with others.

Finally, with the Outlier Algorithm, I could now decode the quirks of many top investors and entrepreneurs.

I could now understand why Ray Dalio was going back into ancient history for new insights on today’s markets: History repeats itself. But sometimes it takes decades or even centuries to repeat itself. So people shouldn’t just use their own life experience to draw big conclusions. By going back further in history, Dalio found a more accurate way to predict the future that others overlook.

It explains why the #1 question that Peter Thiel asks new recruits and collaborators is:

What do you believe is true that no one else agrees with you on?

It’s a quick filter to know if someone is a consensus thinker or a contrarian thinker. If they can’t even think of one contrarian idea, they’re likely not a good fit.

It also explains why Elon Musk values engineering and design so highly and spends 80% of his time there rather than on “typical” CEO duties:

• It’s valuable. When he and his team design products, they judge quality based on how closely it matches their platonic ideal of what they’re designing rather than how closely it mimics competitors. In other words, they use a higher standard for value.
• It’s rare. He doesn’t follow the typical dogma of what business is. He redefines it. None of the other CEOs of car companies are designers and engineers. And most of them spend their days on business-related activities.

Bottom line…

While Most People Search For In-Demand Skills, Top Learners Search For Rare & Valuable Skills

Amateur learners focus on popularity as a proxy for value and ignore rarity. They look for in-demand skills. Primarily read bestselling books and popular articles. They use popularity-sorted newsfeeds to get information.

Professional learners add rarity and focus on true value. They are always looking for contrarian sources of information that are better than what most others are exposed to.

Becoming an amateur is not a stop on the way to becoming a learning pro. It is actually a fundamentally different path and way of thinking. In other words, we don’t become great at learning simply by doing what everyone else does, but just a little bit better.

We become great by charting our own path.

Now that we understand the power of the Outlier Algorithm, it’s critical to ask ourselves an important question:

How do we find rare and valuable skills?

Get Started With Four Simple Rules Of Thumb

The bad news is that it’s harder than it sounds to make rare and valuable bets, which is why most people don’t do it:

1. First, it’s really hard to beat the market. As I said, in financial markets, 90% of professional investors do NOT beat the market. The same is true in many other markets.
2. Second, it means being misunderstood for a long time. Most of the time that people break conventional wisdom, they’re wrong. So, if you break conventional wisdom, people will likely think that you’re wrong too. As a result, you may feel alone and under-estimated. Others might call you a quack behind your back or give you subtle signals that they think you’re crazy. At that point, you’ll probably seriously question yourself. If you end up being wrong, it can bring the feeling of shame. You can end up losing a lot of money and even lose your job/company. The difficulty only increases when you depend on support from family, a boss, a board, the press, investors, and other stakeholders.
3. In addition, it’s extremely time consuming. It’s much easier to trust the authority (government, mainstream media, experts) on a topic (i.e. what to eat, what to learn, what to do when you’re sick, how to interpret world events) than to do your own nuanced research especially if you’re not an expert).
4. Finally, it’s confusing. When one first starts with the Outlier Algorithm it can be hard to find rare and valuable skills. The consensus view is often so entrenched that we are even blind to the idea that there could be another credible perspective.

For example, you can read the biography of almost any successful artist, leader, activist or entrepreneur, and you’ll see that they endured years of darkness before they became an overnight star. Years before they became the Elon Musk or Gandhi or Mother Teresa or Vincent Van Gogh we know today. The same is true with ideas and technology. Many of the scientific ideas we take as obvious were at one point heretical (the earth revolves around the sun, time is not constant) and many of the biggest technology breakthroughs seemed like toys at first (Internet). This 1995 clip of Bill Gates trying to explain the value of the Internet is a case in point:

On the other hand, the good news is this…

The difficulty of applying the Outlier Algorithm is the exact reason to do it! More difficult means more rare.

To help you get started with these challenges, below are four rules of thumb I come back to over and over. Although there are just four, they pack a lot of punch. They are the simplification of hundreds of hours of thinking how to better find rare & valuable skills:

1. Be the first to learn a valuable skill. Track emerging science, technologies, apps, tools, industries, and fields. When ones are growing exponentially, spend a few hours exploring them to see if it’s worth putting in more time. I call this Jeff Bezos’ Hockey Stick Rule. It helps you try new things without wasting your time on things that turn into duds.
2. Learn valuable skills that are difficult. Be willing to invest in areas that are taboo, aren’t super sexy, time-consuming, strenuous, appear risky or are super technical or academic.
3. Learn valuable skills with hidden benefits. Humans have value blindspots. They under-estimate skills with abstract, long-term payoffs; micro-skills; skills from other disciplines; and classic ideas that have been forgotten.
4. Redefine value better than the consensus. In our careers, we use our skills to serve someone else. It could be a customer, a boss, our fans, a recruiter, or someone else. If you can better understand the unmet needs of the people you’re serving better than others, you will be able to meet those needs better.

Or, for short, remember to:

• Be first
• Face difficulty
• Look for hidden benefits
• Redefine value

And, if you are dedicated enough to have read this far in the article (3,000 words and counting), then, you’re awesome! You’re the kind of person that keeps me going with these heavily-researched longform articles when I question whether social media has destroyed all of our attention spans. :)

So, I have something extra special for you…

I created a month-long learning challenge called Month To Master. And, I’ve made the first three days free.

In the three-day “challenge kick-off”, you will learn how to:

1. Find a valuable micro-topic that you will become an expert in with ~100 hours (worksheet includes a checklist with 30 questions you can ask yourself to find rare and valuable skills).
2. Build your learning curriculum to build expertise in the topic fast
3. Get momentum and support at getting started.

Find a rare & valuable topic in three days — join the free kick-off >>

This article was written with love and care using the blockbuster mental model.

If there’s a link to an Amazon book, it’s an affiliate link, which means I get a small amount of compensation when you buy the book. This compensation does not influence the specific books I recommend, as I only recommend books that I read and love.